01
Intelligence and compute
Models, inference providers and routing systems that supply the reasoning capacity behind agent work.
Includes Model access, compute markets, routing, failover, latency optimisation, cost management and workload-based model selection.
02
Runtimes and orchestration
The environments in which agents plan, execute, maintain state and coordinate with other agents.
Includes Agent runtimes, memory, workflow orchestration, multi-agent coordination, deployment, sandboxes and version control.
03
Tools and data access
The connection layer through which agents securely reach software, data and external systems.
Includes MCP infrastructure, connectors, context systems, secrets management, browser and computer use, data permissions and provenance.
04
Identity and credentials
The systems that establish what an agent is, who it represents and which credentials can be trusted.
Includes Agent identity, organisational binding, verifiable credentials, attestation, KYA, KYC and KYB connections.
05
Authority and permissions
The policy layer defining what an agent may see, decide, spend, change or commit to on behalf of its principal.
Includes Delegated authority, approval limits, consent, revocation, separation of duties, escalation rules and kill switches.
06
Security and resilience
Protection against malicious instructions, compromised tools, data leakage and unsafe agent behaviour.
Includes Prompt-injection defence, tool-supply-chain security, behavioural monitoring, red-teaming, isolation, recovery and incident response.
07
Evaluation and observability
The systems used to measure what agents do, how reliably they do it and when their behaviour changes.
Includes Testing, simulation, benchmarks, trace analysis, continuous evaluation, cost measurement, quality monitoring and forensic replay.
08
Discovery and procurement
The mechanisms through which companies and agents find, assess, approve and purchase external agent capabilities.
Includes Registries, catalogues, capability search, marketplaces, vendor risk, agent procurement and task routing.
09
Contracts and outcomes
The commercial layer that defines the work, records acceptance and determines whether the promised outcome occurred.
Includes Machine-readable scopes, service levels, mandates, contracting, acceptance criteria, outcome verification and dispute evidence.
10
Payments and financial rails
The systems enabling bounded spending, settlement, billing, credit and financial reconciliation for agent activity.
Includes Payment mandates, wallets, spend controls, metering, outcome billing, stablecoin and card abstraction, credit, tax and accounting.
11
Governance and accountability
The controls and records that make agent deployment intelligible to management, boards, auditors and regulators.
Includes Agent inventories, ownership, policy management, audit trails, decision provenance, compliance evidence, rights and recourse.
12
Human supervision and workforce
The operating systems through which people approve, supervise, correct and collaborate with fleets of agents.
Includes Exception queues, approval interfaces, escalation, role design, agent workforce management, capacity planning and performance management.